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IONIZATION ENERGY

IONIZATION ENERGY:-

   The minimum energy required to remove an electron from its gaseous atom to form an ion is called ionization energy and the process is called ionization. For example

ATOMIC SIZES

ATOMIC SIZES:-

    Size of an atom is very important in determining its properties whether physical or chemical properties. Atoms are assumed to be spherical so radii is used to determine there sizes. There are various radii to determine size of an atom depending upon type of compound.

Balancing Chemical Equations Easy Algebraic Method

CHEMICAL BOND

CHEMICAL BOND:-

Force which hold together two or more than two or more than two atoms or ions to form a large variety of compounds is known as chemical bond. These forces are responsible for the bonding and shape of molecules as shown in fig 

CHARGING AND DISCHARGING OF A CAPACITOR

CHARGING AND DISCHARGING OF A CAPACITOR:-

Capacitor never charges or discharges alone but at least one resistance is attached with it.

Its charging and discharging behaviours both are not linear (straight line) but it is exponential (curved).

How long a capacitor will take in order to charge or discharge depends on product RC of circuit known as time constant that is the product of resistance (R) and capacitance (C) is constant which is time constant.

ENERGY STORED IN CAPACITOR

ENERGY STORED IN CAPACITOR:-

     We know that capacitor is charge storing device. Its charge storing ability that is capacitance increases in the presence of dielectric medium as explained in the previous topic. Capacitor store its energy inside electric field which can be calculated as follow:                                          

We know that Potential Difference=  Work

                                                     Charge

Or V = Energy

           Charge   

Or Energy = V.Q ----------(i)

ELECTRIC POLARIZATION OF DIELECTRIC

ELECTRIC POLARIZATION OF DIELECTRIC:-

Under the action of an external applied electric field each dipole of dielectric readjust its position in such a way that its positive pole appears close to negative charged plate and negative pole appears closer to
positively charged plate such phenomenon is called electric polarization.
Electric polarization of dielectric increases the capacitance. Reason is given below:

REASON:-

The molecules of the dielectric material are readily polarised by the electric field between the capacitor plates. Polarised molecules have a distorted charge distribution that gives opposite 'ends' of the molecules an opposite charge .. these charge distributions are aligned by the capacitor field and create their own induced electric field.
This induced field is opposite in direction to the original field. As a consequence the net field strength between the plates is reduced as a result V also decrease by the relation (V=ED) hence the capacitance has been increased by the relation (C = Q/V)

CAPACITORS & CAPACITANCE OF PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR

CAPACITOR:-

               Capacitor is a charge storing device which consists of two parallel metal plates of same nature, surface area, magnitude of charge on each plate and surface charge density separated by small distance as
shown in fig
Magnitude of charge(Q) stored on each plate is directly proportional to potential difference(V) applied by the battery ie

DETERMINATION OF CHARGE ON ELECTRON BY MILLIKAN'S OIL DROP EXPERIMENT

DETERMINATION OF CHARGE ON ELECTRON BY MILLIKAN'S OIL DROP EXPERIMENT:-

C= Vacuumed Chamber     

W₁ & W₂= Two glass windows

P₁ & P₂=Two parallel metallic plates

H= Hole in upper plate

d= Separation between the plates

D= Oil drop

M= Magnified view of oil drop

x= Distance between oil drop with respect to lower plate

L= Convex lens

S= Source of light

A= Atomizer

V= Potential difference between the plates

ELECTRON VOLT

ELECTRON VOLT:-

 V_A=Potential of plate A                                                  

V_B=Potential of plate B

U_A=Potential Energy of plate A

U_B=Potential Energy of plate A

∆V=Potential Difference between the plates=      V_B-V_A

∆U=Electric Potential Energy difference of plates=U_B-U_A

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AT A POINT DUE TO POINT CHARGE

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AT A POINT DUE TO POINT CHARGE:-

We can derive this potential at point due to point charge by two methods one is by using gausses law and other is by general methods

By using gausses law

consider a charge. In order to calculate electric flux by gausses law we have to draw 

a Gaussian surface consider a spherical Gaussian surface as shown in fig. Charge is enclosed in it.

ELECTRIC FIELD AS POTENTIAL GRADIENT

ELECTRIC FIELD AS POTENTIAL GRADIENT:-

V_A=Potential of plate A                                                    

V_B=Potential of plate B

U_A=Potential Energy of plate A

U_B=Potential Energy of plate A

∆V=Potential Difference between the plates=      V_B-V_A

∆U=Electric Potential Energy difference of plates=U_B-U_A

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (V) & ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY (U)

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL (V) & ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY(U):-

V_A=Potential of plate A

V_B=Potential of plate B

U_A=Potential Energy of plate A

U_B=Potential Energy of plate A

∆V=Potential Difference between the plates=      V_B-V_A

∆U=Electric Potential Energy difference of plates=U_B-U_A

GAUSS'S LAW & ITS APPLICATIONS

GAUSS'S LAW:-

Gauss's law is used to find total electric flux and total electric field due to number of charges enclosed by the surface

EXPLANATION & DERIVATION:-

                  Consider a closed surface enclosing number of charges q_1, q_2, q_3,--------- q_n randomly distributed inside the surface then electric flux due to charge q_{1 is}

ELECTRIC FLUX THROUGH SURFACE ENCLOSING CHARGE

Lets consider that we have to calculate electric flux of a charge "q" placed inside a spherical body since flux is calculated for a flat body so in order to convert sphere into flat body we will devide the whole sphere into small patches with area ∆A₁, ∆A₂, ∆A₃, ∆A₄----------∆A_n. There corresponding vector areas are parallel to electric field intensity or perpendicular to the surface area as shown in the fig

ELECTRIC FLUX

ELECTRIC FLUX:-

                       Number of electric lines of forces passing through a certain area is called electric flux. Greater the electric field lines passing greater is electric flux and is represented by Φ_{E  and is given by relation}
    Φ_{E =} E A cos ------------(i)

ELECTRICAL FIELD LINES

ELECTRICAL FIELD LINES:-

                                       Electrical field lines can be thought of a "map"that provide information about the directions and strength of electrical fields at various places. As the electrical field lines provide the information about electrical force exerted on a charge. These lines are commonly called "lines of force". For any given location the arrow point in the direction of the electrical field and their length is proportional to strength of the electrical field at that location. Such vector arrows are shown in the fig. Note that the length of arrow are longer where closer to the source charge and shorter when away from source charge.

ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY

ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY:-

A charged particle exerts a force on particles around it. We can call the influence of this force on surroundings as electric field. It can be also stated as electrical force per charge. Electric field is represented with E and Newton per coulomb (N/C) is the SI unit of it and its dimensions are [MLT^-3A^-1]

COULOMB'S LAW

STATEMENT:-

                           Electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion between two charges is directly proportional to product of their magnitude and inversely proportional to squares of distance between them.